Law of Conservation of Charge

The total net charge of an isolated physical system always remains constant. It means the sum of all positive and negative charges in a system is remains constant and did not change. Charges can neither be created nor be destroyed, rather these can be transferred from one body to another. In every chemical or nuclear reaction, the total charge before and after the reaction remains constant and did not change or alter. The total charge on a body is equal to algebric sum of all charges present in it. In any physical, if some amount of positive charge is produced in a system then an equal amount of negative charge is also produced in it. This law is applicable to all types of processes like nuclear, atomic, molecular and the like. There is no exception to this law of conservation of charge. Though it is based on experience yet it has been experimentally verified by all.

Examples:

We take some examples which proves the law of conservation of charge in the world. These examples are:

In Nuclear Reaction:

Consider a common nuclear fission reaction. Take a sample of uranium of mass number 238 and atomic number of 92. This uranium sample is bombarded with fast and energetic neutron. This neutron is neutral in charge and after bombardment with uranium it produce barium, krypton, a large number secondary neutrons and energy. The two side products are also radioactive elements with lesser mass number ed sample. The mass number of barium is 144 and its atomic number is 56. The mass number of krypton is 92 and atomic number is 36. During the nuclear  fission reaction a larger amount of heat energy is also produced along with alpha, beta and gamma particles. These all are radioactive in nature.

In process of Pair Production:

In the pair production process, a pair of electron and positron are grouped together. They both are bombarded together to produce a large amount of heat and two rays of gamma rays. As we know the electron is negative particle while the positron is positive particle. Both the electron and positron are opposite charge in nature. Their charge magnitude is cancelled out each other to produce  a pair of two gamma rays which are awesome. The gamma rays is group of photon or a packet of quanta.

In process of Friction:

On rubbing a glass rod with silk, the number of positive charges transferred on the glass rod is equal to number of negative charges on the silk. On rubbing an ebonite rod with the fur, the number  of negative  charges transferred on the ebonite rod is equal to number of the positive charges on the fur. 

Thus, all the examples mentioned above are due to law of conservation of charges. The law is universal law and is applicable to any type of matter and particle in universe. We should learn the more aspects of law of conservation of charge. The things included should be considered.

Properties and Quantization of Charge

Properties of Charge

Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other. A charges body attracts other uncharged light particles. The total charge of an isolated physical system is always conserved. Charge is relativistically invariant, i.e. it doest not charge with option of charged particle and no charge in it is possible, whatsoever ma be the circumstances.i.e. the static charge is equal to dynamic charge.

The exchange of charge, in any physical process, can be in integral multiples of electron charge and not its fraction.

Mathematically, q=+/- ne where n is an integer. 

The unit  of charge is coulomb or stat-coulomb. Other sub unit are nC, microC, etc.,

One electrostatic unit of charge (esu) = 1/3 * 1000000000 coulomb. One electromagnetic unit of charge (emu) = 10C. Its dimensional formula is [AT]. The minimum electric charge which can taken part in any physical process is defined as one quantum of charge. Charge is quantised. Charge and mass are equivalent quantities. 

Quantisation of  Charge

Whatever may be the cause of origin of charge on a body, it is always in the form an integral multiple of electronic charge and mot its fraction i.e. q=+/-  ne where n is and integer. Charge less than that of electron is impossible. According to Galman particles with fractional charges known as quarks are also possible but these have not been experimentally verified as yet. 

The electric charge is discrete. It has been verified by Millikan's oil drop experiment. The magnitude one quantum of cage is equal top electron or proton charge. If a body possess n1 protons and n2 elections, them net charge on it will be (n1-n2)e.

Electric Charge

The branch of Physics which deals with the study of electric charges is called electricity. There are two branches of electricity. They are electrostatics and electrodynamics. 

Electrostatics is branch of Physics which deals with the study of electric charges at rest or charges which are not in motion or electric charges which are stationary. Electrodynamics is the branch of Physics which deals with the study of electric charges in motion. 

Electric Charge

It is a fundamental and main property of matter. It can never be isolated from matter. There are two types of electric charge. One is positive charge and another is negative charge. 

Positive Charge

Positive Charge showed the deficiency of electrons from a body or particle. A glass rod gets positively charged  on rubbing it with silk. The mass of body decreases when the body acquired positive charge.

Negative Charge

Negative Charge showed the excess of electrons on the body or particle. When the negative charge is provided somewhat the mass of body increases. When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, it get negative charged. The main cause for production  of charges is according to law of conservation of electric charge. According to this law, there will production of two opposite and equal charges. The net charge on the neutral body is zero and is equal to the sum of positive and negative electric charges.